Ag+ equilibrium suite

Maximum Silver Ion Concentration Calculator

Estimate free and total dissolved silver before precipitation. Include Ksp, common ions, pH speciation, complexes, activity corrections, temperature, mixing, uncertainty, and selective precipitation.

Calculation inputs

Choose a built-in solid or replace its equilibrium data.

1Silver solid
2Silver solution
L
3Counter-ion
Mass units use the selected anion molar mass.
4pH and temperature
°C
5Activity correction
mol/L
6Silver complexation

Advanced controls

Mixing, custom constants, uncertainty, selective precipitation, and batch analysis.

Mixing and dilution
mL
mL
mL
Temperature data
°C
kJ/mol
Activity details
Å
Å
Complex constants
g/mol
Custom solid data
g/mol
g/mol
Custom complex labels
Safety and precision
%
Monte Carlo uncertainty
%
%
%
Selective precipitation list
Batch CSV
Maximum 500 rows per request.
Start fresh

How to use this calculator

1. Select a solid.
Choose the silver salt expected to control precipitation.
2. Enter silver.
Provide total analytical silver and solution volume.
3. Enter counter-ion.
Use a total or known free-ion concentration.
4. Set pH.
pH changes carbonate, phosphate, sulfide, and related species.
5. Add complexation.
Select a ligand and enter its estimated free concentration.
6. Review results.
Check free silver, total silver, Q/Ksp, and warnings.

Formula used

For a solid written as AgxAy, the activity-based solubility product is:

Ksp = aAg+xaAy

Activities are approximated using coefficients and molar concentrations:

ai = γi[i]

The maximum free silver concentration is calculated by rearrangement:

[Ag+]max = (Ksp/(γA[A])y)1/x/γAg

A dominant complex provides a simplified total dissolved silver estimate:

[Ag]T ≈ [Ag+](1+β[L]n)

The calculator compares Q with Ksp. A ratio above one indicates supersaturation in the selected model.

Example data

ExampleSolidSilverCounter-ionpHLigandPurpose
Chloride screeningAgCl1×10−8 M1×10−3 M chloride7NoneFind the free Ag+ threshold.
Solution mixingAgCl1×10−3 M1×10−3 M chloride7NoneEstimate precipitate after mixing.
Ammonia complexAgCl1×10−4 M1×10−3 M chloride110.1 M NH₃Compare free and total silver.
Phosphate pH scanAg₃PO₄1×10−7 M1×10−3 M phosphate4–13NoneObserve pH-dependent phosphate.
Halide rankingAgCl, AgBr, AgIVariableEqual total halide7NoneCompare precipitation order.

Calculation history

Clear history
TimeSolidMaximum free Ag+Maximum total AgStatuspH
No calculations are stored in this session.

JSON API mode

Add ?api=1 to the page URL. Send a JSON POST body with form-compatible field names.

{
  "salt_key": "AgCl",
  "silver_concentration": 1e-6,
  "silver_unit": "mol_L",
  "anion_concentration": 1e-3,
  "anion_unit": "mol_L",
  "ph": 7,
  "temperature_c": 25,
  "activity_model": "davies",
  "ionic_strength": 0.01,
  "complex_key": "ammonia",
  "ligand_concentration": 0.1,
  "ligand_unit": "mol_L"
}

Scientific limitations

This calculator is an educational and screening model. It does not replace validated thermodynamic software, qualified laboratory work, or regulatory interpretation.

Real systems can contain several solids, multiple complexes, redox reactions, colloids, surfaces, competing metals, kinetic barriers, and nonideal solution effects.

Confirm critical decisions using validated constants, complete mass and charge balances, representative measurements, and professional review.

Frequently asked questions

It is the modeled Ag+ concentration at or below the precipitation threshold for the selected solid.

Ligands bind Ag+ into soluble complexes. Bound silver contributes to total silver but not equally to free-ion activity.

Below one is undersaturated. Near one is saturated. Above one is supersaturated under the selected assumptions.

pH controls carbonate, phosphate, sulfide, cyanide, chromate, oxalate, arsenate, and hydroxide species.

Use free ion when known. Otherwise enter total concentration and use the matching speciation model.

Ideal mode is useful for dilute screening. Davies and Debye-Huckel options provide limited nonideal corrections.

It reduces the saturation threshold by the selected percentage and creates an operating buffer.

A bisection solver applies stoichiometric mass balance until the selected solid reaches equilibrium.

The ranking compares thresholds. The main mass-balance solver treats one controlling solid at a time.

No. They are editable starter values and require validation for critical applications.

Yes. Upload a CSV containing supported headers. Up to 500 rows are processed per request.

Yes. JSON API mode accepts form-compatible fields and returns structured results.

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Important Note: All the Calculators listed in this site are for educational purpose only and we do not guarentee the accuracy of results. Please do consult with other sources as well.