Formula used
Dilution equation: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂
Dilution factor: DF = C₁ ÷ C₂
Stock volume: V₁ = C₂V₂ ÷ C₁
Diluent volume: Vd = V₂ − V₁
Serial dilution: DFtotal = DF₁ × DF₂ × ... × DFn
These formulas assume conserved solute during ordinary dilution. Volumes are treated as additive unless chemistry changes them. Verify specialised mixtures using an approved laboratory procedure.
How to use the calculator
- Select the calculation mode matching your unknown value.
- Enter concentrations, volumes, factors, or ratio parts.
- Choose compatible concentration units and suitable volume units.
- Set rounding and scientific notation preferences.
- Submit the form and review warnings carefully.
- Copy, print, or export the complete calculation.
Worked example data
| Input or result | Example value | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Stock concentration | 100 mg/mL | Concentrated starting solution |
| Target concentration | 10 mg/mL | Desired diluted concentration |
| Final volume | 50 mL | Total prepared solution |
| Stock volume | 5 mL | Volume taken from stock |
| Diluent volume | 45 mL | Volume added to stock |
| Dilution factor | 10-fold | Stock is diluted ten times |
Recent calculation history
No saved calculations appear on this device yet.
Frequently asked questions
What is a dilution factor?
A dilution factor compares initial and final concentrations. A ten-fold dilution has a factor of ten. It means one stock part forms ten total parts.
How is stock volume calculated?
Use the equation C₁V₁ equals C₂V₂. Rearrange it to isolate the required stock volume. Compatible units must be used before applying values.
What is diluent volume?
Diluent volume is added liquid without extra solute. It equals final volume minus the stock volume. Add it carefully to reach the intended total.
Is 1:10 always the same ratio?
No, ratio language can describe different preparation methods. Stock-to-total differs from stock-to-diluent notation. Select the correct definition before calculating any volumes.
Can the calculator mix concentration units?
Yes, compatible units are converted into shared base units. Molar and mass-volume groups remain separate. Molecular weight is required to convert between those groups.
How are ppm and ppb handled?
They are treated as water-based mass concentrations. This assumption suits many dilute aqueous solutions. Different densities require specialised conversion and verified procedures.
What is serial dilution?
Serial dilution repeats dilution through several connected stages. Each stage starts from the previous diluted solution. Cumulative factors multiply across all completed dilution stages.
Can every stage use a different factor?
Yes, each serial stage accepts its own factor. Volumes can also determine a stage factor automatically. The calculator multiplies every stage for cumulative dilution.
Why does final concentration sometimes cause an error?
Ordinary dilution cannot create a stronger final solution. The target must not exceed the stock concentration. Concentration methods require another calculator or laboratory process.
Are volumes assumed to be additive?
Yes, this calculator assumes volumes add directly. Some chemical mixtures contract or expand after mixing. Use measured final volume for demanding analytical work.
Should results replace laboratory protocols?
No, results support planning and educational calculations only. Hazardous materials require approved procedures and protective equipment. Confirm critical preparations with qualified laboratory supervision.